Bloodhound
From BPSBR_Wiki
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| Male Bloodhound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other names | Chien de Saint-Hubert St. Hubert Hound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Nicknames | {{{nickname}}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country of origin | Belgium/France or England/Scotland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patronage | {{{patronage}}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Notes | {{{note}}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Bloodhound (also known as the St. Hubert hound and Sleuth Hound) is a large breed of dog which, while originally bred to track game, was later refined specifically to track human beings. It is a scenthound, tracking by smell, as opposed to a sighthound, which tracks using vision. It is famed for its ability to discern human odors even days later, over great distances. Its extraordinarily keen nose is combined with a strong and tenacious tracking instinct, producing the ideal scent hound, and it is used by police and law enforcement all over the world to track escaped prisoners, missing people, lost children and even lost pets.
Contents |
Appearance
Bloodhounds weigh from 33 to 50 kg (80 to 110 lbs), although some individuals can weigh as much as 72 kg (160 lb). They stand 58 to 69 cm (23 to 27 inches) high at the withers. According to the AKC standard of the breed, larger dogs are to be preferred by conformation judges. The acceptable colors for Bloodhounds are black , liver , tan, or red. Bloodhounds possess an unusually large skeletal structure with most of their weight concentrated in their bones, which are very thick for their length. The coat is typical for a scenthound: hard and composed of fur alone, with no admixture of hair.
Temperament
This breed is a gentle dog which is nonetheless tireless in following a scent. Because of its strong tracking instinct, it can be willful and somewhat difficult to obedience train. Bloodhounds have an affectionate, gentle, and even-tempered nature, so they make excellent family pets. However, like any large breed, they require supervision when around small children.
Health
Illnesses
Compared to other purebred dogs, Bloodhounds have an unusually high rate of gastrointestinal ailments, with bloat being the most common type of gastrointestinal problem.<ref name="KC Survey">http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570 Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Purebred Dog Health Survey. Retrieved July 5, 2007</ref> The breed also suffers an unusually high incidence of eye, skin, and ear ailments;<ref name="KC Survey"/> thus these areas should be inspected frequently for signs of developing problems. Owners should be especially aware of the signs of bloat, which is both the most common illness and the leading cause of death of Bloodhounds. The thick coat gives the breed the tendency to overheat quickly.
Lifespan and mortality
Bloodhounds in a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey had a median longevity of 6.75 years,<ref name="KC Survey"/> which makes them one of the shortest-lived of dog breeds.<ref name="Cassidy Weight">http://users.pullman.com/lostriver/weight_and_lifespan.htm Dog Longevity Web Site, Weight and Longevity page. Compiled by K. M. Cassidy. Retrieved July 5, 2007</ref> The oldest of the 82 deceased dogs in the survey died at the age of 12.1 years. Bloat took 34% of the animals, making it the most common cause of death and the Bloodhound the breed to lose the most to the condition. The second leading cause of death in the study was cancer, at 27%; this percentage is similar to other breeds, but the median age of death was unusually young (median of about 8 years).<ref name="KC Survey"/>
History
File:Bloodhound from 1915.jpg
Bloodhounds circa 1915
Chien de St Hubert
The St Hubert was, according to legend, first bred ca. 1000 AD by monks at the Saint-Hubert Monastery in Belgium; its origins are likely in France, home of many of modern hounds.
From ca. 1200 the monks of the Abbey of St Hubert annually sent several pairs of black hounds as a gift to the King of France. They were not always highly thought of in the royal pack. Charles IX 1550-74, preferred the larger Chien-gris, and wrote that the St Huberts were suitable for people with gout to follow, but not for those who wished to shorten the life of the hunted animal. He described them as pack-hounds of medium stature, and long in the body, not well sprung in the rib and of no great strength.<ref name=Charles>{{
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| showall = showall
| main
| = 1
| talk =
| user =
| wikipedia =
| file
| image = 2
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Upon the French Revolution of 1789 the gifts ceased, and hunting in France went into a decline till the end of the Napoleonic wars. When it recovered during the 19th Century, huntsmen, with many breeds to choose from, seem to have had little interest in the St Hubert. An exception was Baron Le Couteulx de Canteleu, who tried to find them. He reported that there were hardly any to be found in France and those to be met with in the Ardennes had been so much crossed that they had not preserved the characteristics of the breed.<ref name=Expo/><ref name=Bloodhound/>
It was generally agreed among writers on the Bloodhound in the last two centuries that the original St Hubert strain died out in the nineteenth century, and that the European St Hubert owes its present existence to the development of the Bloodhound.<ref name=Manuel/><ref name=Bloodhound>{{
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|
}}
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|doi: (inactive )
|doi:
}}
}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
{{#if:1||ISBN
}}
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{{#if:1||ISSN
}}
|jfm=JFM
{{#if:1||JFM
}}
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{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
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{{#if:1||MR
}}
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{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
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{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
{{#if:1||OSTI
}}
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{{#if:1||PMC
}}
|pmid=PMID
{{#if:1||PMID
}}
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}}
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}}
}} }}{{
#if:
|. {{#switch:asin
|arxiv=arXiv:
{{#if:1||arXiv:
}}
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}}
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|doi: (inactive )
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}}
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|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
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}}
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{{#if:1||JFM
}}
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{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
|ol=OL
{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
{{#if:1||OSTI
}}
|pmc=PMC
{{#if:1||PMC
}}
|pmid=PMID
{{#if:1||PMID
}}
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}}
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#if:
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|doi: (inactive )
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}}
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|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
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}}
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}}
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}}
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{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
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}}
|osti=OSTI
{{#if:1||OSTI
}}
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{{#if:1||PMC
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|pmid=PMID
{{#if:1||PMID
}}
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}}
}} }}{{
- if:
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}}
}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
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|issn=ISSN
{{#if:1||ISSN
}}
|jfm=JFM
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}}
|jstor=JSTOR
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}}
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}}
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{{#if:1||Zbl
}}
}} }}{{
#if: 0713709502
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|arxiv=arXiv:0713709502
{{#if:1||arXiv:0713709502
}}
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{{#if:1||ASIN 0713709502
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}}
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}}
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{{#if:1||ISBN 0713709502
}}
|issn=ISSN 0713709502
{{#if:1||ISSN 0713709502
}}
|jfm=JFM 0713709502
{{#if:1||JFM 0713709502
}}
|jstor=JSTOR 0713709502
{{#if:1||JSTOR 0713709502
}}
|lccn=LCCN 0713709502
{{#if:1||LCCN 0713709502
}}
|mr=MR0713709502
{{#if:1||MR0713709502
}}
|oclc=OCLC 0713709502
{{#if:1||OCLC 0713709502
}}
|ol=OL0713709502
{{#if:1||OL0713709502
}}
|osti=OSTI 0713709502
{{#if:1||OSTI 0713709502
}}
|pmc=PMC 0713709502
{{#if:1||PMC 0713709502
}}
|pmid=PMID 0713709502
{{#if:1||PMID 0713709502
}}
|rfc=RFC 0713709502
{{#if:1||RFC 0713709502
}}
|ssrn=SSRN 0713709502
{{#if:1||SSRN 0713709502
}}
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{{#if:1||Zbl 0713709502
}}
}} }}{{
#if:
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}}
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}}
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}}
|lccn=LCCN
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}}
|mr=MR
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}}
|oclc=OCLC
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}}
|ol=OL
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
|jfm=JFM
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}}
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}}
|lccn=LCCN
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}}
|mr=MR
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}}
|oclc=OCLC
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}}
|ol=OL
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}} }}{{
#if:
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
}} }}{{
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}} }}{{
#if:
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|arxiv=arXiv:
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
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}}
|jfm=JFM
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}}
|jstor=JSTOR
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}}
|lccn=LCCN
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}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
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}}
|ol=OL
{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
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}}
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{{#if:1||PMC
}}
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{{#if:1||PMID
}}
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}}
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}} }}{{
#if:
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|arxiv=arXiv:
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}}
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}}
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}}
|doi:
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{{#if:1||{{#if:
|doi: (inactive )
|doi:
}}
}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
{{#if:1||ISBN
}}
|issn=ISSN
{{#if:1||ISSN
}}
|jfm=JFM
{{#if:1||JFM
}}
|jstor=JSTOR
{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
|ol=OL
{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
{{#if:1||OSTI
}}
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{{#if:1||PMC
}}
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{{#if:1||PMID
}}
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#if:
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}}
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}}
}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
{{#if:1||ISBN
}}
|issn=ISSN
{{#if:1||ISSN
}}
|jfm=JFM
{{#if:1||JFM
}}
|jstor=JSTOR
{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
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}}
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{{#if:1||OL
}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}} }}{{
#if:
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}}
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}}
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}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
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}}
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{{#if:1||ISSN
}}
|jfm=JFM
{{#if:1||JFM
}}
|jstor=JSTOR
{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
|ol=OL
{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
}} }}{{
#if:
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|arxiv=arXiv:
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
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}}
|issn=ISSN
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}}
|jfm=JFM
{{#if:1||JFM
}}
|jstor=JSTOR
{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
|ol=OL
{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
{{#if:1||OSTI
}}
|pmc=PMC
{{#if:1||PMC
}}
|pmid=PMID
{{#if:1||PMID
}}
|rfc=RFC
{{#if:1||RFC
}}
|ssrn=SSRN
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}}
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}}
}} }}{{
#if:
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|arxiv=arXiv:
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
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|issn=ISSN
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}}
|jfm=JFM
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}}
|jstor=JSTOR
{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
|ol=OL
{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
{{#if:1||OSTI
}}
|pmc=PMC
{{#if:1||PMC
}}
|pmid=PMID
{{#if:1||PMID
}}
|rfc=RFC
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}}
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}}
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}}
}} }}{{
#if:
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|arxiv=arXiv:
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
{{#if:1||ISBN
}}
|issn=ISSN
{{#if:1||ISSN
}}
|jfm=JFM
{{#if:1||JFM
}}
|jstor=JSTOR
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}}
|lccn=LCCN
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}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
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}}
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{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
}} }}{{
#if:
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
}}
|isbn=ISBN [[Special:BookSources/|]]
{{#if:1||ISBN
}}
|issn=ISSN
{{#if:1||ISSN
}}
|jfm=JFM
{{#if:1||JFM
}}
|jstor=JSTOR
{{#if:1||JSTOR
}}
|lccn=LCCN
{{#if:1||LCCN
}}
|mr=MR
{{#if:1||MR
}}
|oclc=OCLC
{{#if:1||OCLC
}}
|ol=OL
{{#if:1||OL
}}
|osti=OSTI
{{#if:1||OSTI
}}
|pmc=PMC
{{#if:1||PMC
}}
|pmid=PMID
{{#if:1||PMID
}}
|rfc=RFC
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}}
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}}
|zbl=Zbl
{{#if:1||Zbl
}}
}} }}{{
#if:
|. {{#switch:zbl
|arxiv=arXiv:
{{#if:1||arXiv:
}}
|asin=ASIN
{{#if:1||ASIN
}}
|bibcode=Bibcode
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}}{{#if:||.}}{{#if:|}}</ref><ref name=Brey>Template:Cite book</ref>
Bloodhound
References to the Bloodhound begin to appear in English writing in the mid 14th century, in contexts which suggest it was well established by then.<ref name=Werwolf>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Green>Template:Cite book</ref> It is often claimed that its ancestors were brought over from Normandy by William the Conqueror, but there is no actual evidence for this. That the Normans brought hounds from Europe during the post-Conquest period is a virtual certainty, but whether they included the Bloodhound itself, rather than ancestors from which the Bloodhound was subsequently developed, is a matter of dispute which is probably not resolvable on the basis of surviving evidence.
In Medieval hunting the typical use of the Bloodhound was as a ‘limer’, or ‘lyam-hound’, that is a dog handled on a leash or ‘lyam’, to find the hart or boar before it was hunted by the pack hounds (raches). It was prized for its ability to hunt the cold scent of an individual animal, and, though it did not usually take part in the kill, it was given a special reward from the carcase.<ref name=Turbervile>Template:Cite book</ref>
It also seems that from the earliest times the Bloodhound was used to track people. There are stories written in Medieval Scotland of Robert the Bruce (in 1307), and William Wallace (1270–1305) being followed by 'sleuth hounds’.<ref name=Barbour>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Minstrel>Template:Cite book</ref> Whether true or not, these stories show that the sleuth hound was already known as a man-trailer, and it later becomes clear that the sleuth hound and the Bloodhound were the same animal.
File:BloodhoundGesner2.jpg
English Bloodhound 1563
The picture on the right was published in Zurich in 1563, in Conrad Gesner's Thierbuch (a compendium of animals) with the captions: 'Englischen Blüthund' and 'Canis Sagax Sanguinarius apud Anglos' (English scent hound with associations of blood). It was drawn by, or under the supervision of, John Caius, and sent to Gesner with other drawings to illustrate his descriptions of British dogs for European readers. It is thus the earliest known picture published specifically to demonstrate the appearance of the Bloodhound. We are told it was done from life,<ref name=Ash/> and detail such as the soft hang of the ear indicates it was carefully observed. Fully accurate or not, it suggests changes between the Bloodhound of then and today. The collar and long coiled rope reflect the Bloodhound’s typical functions as a limer or leashed man-trailer in that period.
File:Bloodhpunds1826.jpg
A brace of Bloodhounds used to find deer for the gun 1826
The earliest known report of a trial of the Bloodhound's trailing abilities comes from the scientist Robert Boyle[11], who described how a Bloodhound tracked a man seven miles along a route frequented by people, and found him in an upstairs room of a house.<ref name=Boyle>Template:Cite book</ref>
With the rise of fox-hunting, the decline of deer-hunting, and the extinction of the wild boar, as well as a more settled state of society, the use of the Bloodhound diminished. It was kept by the aristocratic owners of a few deer-parks<ref name="Boyle"/> and by a few enthusiasts,<ref name=Expo/> with some variation in type, until its popularity began to increase again with the rise of dog-showing in the 19th Century.<ref name=Manuel/> Numbers, however, have remained low in Britain. Very few survived the Second World War, but the gene-pool has gradually been replenished with imports from America. Nevertheless, because of UK quarantine restrictions, importing was expensive and difficult, throughout the 20th century, and in the post-war period exports to the USA, and to Europe where the population had also been affected by the war, considerably exceeded imports.<ref>Kennel Club Breed Record Supplements</ref>
File:HordleHercules.jpg
A probable ancestor of all today's pedigree Bloodhounds, 1902
During the later 19th century numbers of Bloodhounds were imported from Britain by French enthusiasts, who regretted the extinction of the ancient St Hubert. They wished to re-establish it, using the Bloodhound, which, despite its developments in Britain, they regarded as the St Hubert preserved unchanged. Many of the finest specimens were bought and exhibited and bred in France as Chiens de St Hubert, especially by Le Couteulx de Canteleu, who himself bred over 300. Whatever few original St Huberts remained either died out or were absorbed into the new population.<ref name=Expo/><ref name=Bloodhound/> As a result, the Bloodhound became known on parts of the Continent as the Chien de Saint Hubert, and is recognised under that name by the Federation Cynologique Internationale. Its country of origin is given by the FCI as Belgium, while the UK Kennel Club regards it as a native British breed, though accepting the European St Huberts as Bloodhounds.
In Le Couteulx’ book of 1890 we read that ‘Le Chien de St Hubert actuel’ is very big, from 0m,69 to 0m,80 (27½-31½in) high.<ref name=Manuel/> This does not accord with the 16th century descriptions of the St Hubert given above, nor with the FCI standard, but the idea that the St Hubert is much bigger (up to 0.915m, 36 in) than the Bloodhound persisted well into the 20th century, among some St Hubert enthusiasts.<ref>Master of the Hounds Article on Christiane Barnard, American Bloodhound Club Bulletin summer 1989</ref>
When the first Bloodhounds were exported to the USA is not known. Bloodhounds were used to track runaway slaves before the American Civil War, but it has been questioned whether the dogs used were genuine Bloodhounds. However, in the later part of the 19th century, and in the next, more pure Bloodhounds were introduced from Britain, and bred in America, especially after 1888, when the English breeder, Edwin Brough, brought three of his hounds to exhibit at the Westminster KC show in New York City. He went into partnership with Mr J L Winchell, who with other Americans, imported more stock from Britain.<ref name=Brey/> Bloodhounds in America have been more widely used in tracking lost people and criminals - often with brilliant success - than in Britain, and the history of the Bloodhound in America is full of the man-trailing exploits of outstanding Bloodhounds and their expert handlers, the most famous hound being Nick Carter.<ref name=Brey/><ref name=Whitney>Template:Cite book</ref> Law enforcement agencies have been much involved in the use of Bloodhounds, and there is a National Police Bloodhound Association, originating in 1962.<ref name=Tolhurst>Template:Cite book</ref>
In Britain there have been instances from time to time of the successful use of the Bloodhound to track criminals or missing people. However man-trailing is enjoyed as a sport by British Bloodhound owners, through national working trials, and this enthusiasm has also spread to Europe. In addition while the pure Bloodhound is used to hunt singly there are also several Bloodhound packs which use Bloodhounds with some degree of foxhound outcrossing to hunt the human scent.
Meanwhile the Bloodhound has become widely distributed internationally, though numbers are small in most countries, with more in the USA than anywhere else. Following the spread of the Bloodhound from Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, imports and exports and, increasingly, artificial insemination, are maintaining the world population as a common breeding stock, without a great deal of divergence in type in different countries.
Bloodhounds are now coloured red, black and tan or liver and tan; however, until Elizabethan times they also occurred in other solid colours, including white, and all other hound colours.<ref>Topsell, Edward (1607) The History of Four Footed Beasts</ref> It is possible that the Talbot, now extinct, was a white Bloodhound, but this is uncertain.
During the late 19th century, Bloodhounds were frequent subjects for artists such as Edwin Landseer<ref name=Paint>Template:Cite book</ref> and Briton Riviere; the dogs depicted are close in appearance to modern Bloodhounds, indicating that the essential character of the Bloodhound predates modern dog breeding. However, the dogs depicted by Landseer show less wrinkle and haw than modern dogs.<ref name=Brey/>
Breed standards
Descriptions of the desirable physical qualities of a hunting hound go back to Medieval books on hunting.<ref name=Turbervile/> All dogs used in the hunting field were 'gentle',<ref name=Caius/> that is of good breeding (not necessarily pure breeding), and parents were carefully chosen to maintain and improve conformation. In 1896, making some use of wording found in earlier descriptions, Edwin Brough and Dr J Sidney Turner published Points and Characteristics of the Bloodhound or Sleuth-Hound.<ref name=ABB>Template:Cite book</ref> This was adopted by the newly-formed Association of Bloodhound Breeders, and ultimately became, with very little change, the 'official' breed standard of the KC and the AKC. Meanwhile, the Belgian or Dutch Comte Henri de Bylandt, or H A graaf van Bylandt, published Races des Chiens<ref name=Bylandt>Template:Cite book</ref> in 1897, a huge and very important illustrated compilation of breed descriptions, or standards. In this French edition the Bloodhound appears as the Chien de St Hubert, although the hounds illustrating the standard are all British Bloodhounds, many of them those of Edwin Brough. The book was revised and reprinted in four languages in 1904, and in this edition the English text of the standard is that of the Association of Bloodhound Breeders, while the French text is closely based on it. However, the present FCI standard uses a quite different layout and wording. The AKC standard has hardly been altered from the original of 1896, the principal change being that the colours, 'black and tan', 'red and tan', and 'tawny', have been renamed as 'black and tan', 'liver and tan', and 'red', but the British KC [12] has made considerable changes. Some of these were simply matters of presentation and did not affect content. However, responding to the view that the requirements of some breed standards were potentially detrimental to the health or well-being of the animal, changes have been made affecting the required eye-shape and the loose skin, the most recent revision being 2008-9.
Derivation of name
Most recent accounts will say that the etymological meaning is ‘hound of pure or noble blood’. This derives from an original suggestion of Le Couteulx de Canteleu<ref name=Manuel/><ref name=Bloodhound/> in the nineteenth century, which has been enthusiastically and uncritically espoused by later writers, perhaps because it absolved this undoubtedly good-natured dog from suggestions of bloodthirstiness. Neither Le Couteulx nor anyone since has offered any historical evidence to support this view. Before that the word had been taken to mean, roughly, ‘blood seeking hound’. This was the explanation put forward by John Caius,<ref name=Caius/> who was one of the most learned men of his time, and had an interest in etymology, in the sixteenth century. It is supported by considerable historical linguistic evidence, which can be gleaned from such sources as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED): the fact that first uses of the word ‘blood’ to refer to good breeding in an animal post date the first use of ‘Bloodhound’; that other comparable uses, as in ‘blood-horse’ and ‘blood-stock’ appear many centuries later; and that derogatory uses of the word ‘Bloodhound’, which any suggestion of noble breeding would sadly weaken, appear from as early as c1400.<ref>Anonymous (c1400) Alliterative Morte Arthure (line 3640)[13].</ref> Other early sources tell us that hounds were supposed to have an interest in blood, and that the Bloodhound was used to follow the trail of a wounded animal.<ref name=Minstrel/><ref>Jesse, George R . (1866) Researches into the History of the British Dog in two volumes.</ref> In the absence of anything in early usage, or any historical evidence whatsoever, to support the modern explanation, the older must be regarded as correct.
Scenting ability
The Bloodhound's physical characteristics account for its ability to follow a scent trail left several days in the past. Under optimal conditions, a Bloodhound can detect as few as one or two cells. The Bloodhound's nasal chambers (where scents are identified) are larger than those of most other breeds. The large, long pendent ears serve to prevent wind from scattering nearby skin cells while the dog's nose is on the ground; the folds of wrinkled flesh under the lips and neck—called the shawl—serve to catch stray scent particles in the air or on a nearby branch as the Bloodhound is scenting, reinforcing the scent in the dog's memory and nose.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The number of olfactory receptor cells are 4 billion in a bloodhound, compared to just 12 million in a human and 100 million in a rabbit <ref name="autogenerated2004">Shier, D., Butler, J. and Lewis, R. Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology, Boston: McGraw Hill, 2004</ref>
The surface area of bloodhound olfactory epithelium is 59 sq.in. compared to human's 10 sq.cm. <ref name="autogenerated2004"/>
Voice
A common misconception is that Bloodhounds are employed in packs; while this is sometimes the case in Britain, in North America, Bloodhounds are used as solitary trackers. When they are on a trail, they are usually silent and do not give voice as other scenthounds. The original use of the Bloodhound as a leash-hound, to find but not disturb animals, would require silent trailing.
Nevertheless, the Bloodhound bay is among the most impressive of hound voices. When hunting in a pack they are expected to be in full cry. They are more likely to 'give tongue, 'throw their tongue' or 'speak' when hunting in a pack than when hunting singly, and more when hunting free than when on the leash. The quality of 'speaking to the line', that is giving tongue when on the correct scent while remaining silent when off it, is valued in British Bloodhound circles, on aesthetic grounds and because it makes it very easy to 'read' the hound's tracking behaviour. As a result special trophies for speaking to the correct line are on offer at British working trials (where hounds hunt singly), although rarely awarded.
Bloodhound Packs
File:CoakhamPack.jpg
The Coakham pack of Bloodhounds starting a human trail in England
Noteworthy Bloodhounds
Grafton was the Bloodhound in Landseer's famous painting Dignity and Impudence[14] (1839). Both dogs in the picture belonged to Jacob Bell.<ref name=Paint/>
Mr T A Jennings' Ch Druid, known as 'Old Druid' was the first Bloodhound champion. Born in 1857 he was later bought by Emperor Napoleon III for his son, Prince Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, and taken to France. Photographs of him, of another famous hound, Cowen's Druid, and a bitch named Countess, appear in a rare book<ref name=Expo/> from 1865 in the British Library[15], and may be the oldest photographs of Bloodhounds to have survived.
A Bloodhound named Nick Carter is frequently cited as the archetype of the trailing Bloodhound and the extensive publicity this dog received may be the source of much Bloodhound-related folklore. Born in 1900, Nick Carter was owned and handled by Captain G.V. Mullikin of Lexington, Kentucky; he is credited with more than 650 finds, including one that required him to follow a trail 300 hours old, that is 12 days.<ref name=Brey/><ref name=Whitney/>
Ch. Heathers Knock on Wood, known as "Knotty", is one of the most awarded Bloodhounds of all time; he has received more Best-in-Shows than any other Bloodhound and is the first liver-and-tan Bloodhound ever to win a Best-in-Show. Knotty was awarded the Best-in-Show at the Eukanuba Tournament in 2005 and won the Hound Group in the Westminster Kennel Club Show in that same year. Knotty's offspring have also proven to be able showdogs and as a result of a very high amount of his puppies being awarded the title of "Champion" by the AKC, Knotty was inducted into the AKC's Stud Dog Hall of Fame shortly before his death in Spring of 2008.
On the popular 1960s sitcom Beverly Hillbillies, veteran canine actor Stretch portrayed Jed's Bloodhound Duke.
The US Army 615th Military Police Company, mascot is a Bloodhound named for the Company's pet and mascot during Vietnam named Andy.
Fictional Bloodhounds
- Pluto, pet of Mickey Mouse, officially a mixed-breed dog, but designed after a pair of Bloodhounds from The Chain Gang (1930)
- Ol' Red, from the George Jones (later remade by Blake Shelton) song of the same name.
- Ladybird from King of the Hill
- Beaureguard in Pogo
- Broom Dog from Alice in Wonderland and Alice in Wonderland 2
- Pedro, the Bloodhound owned and used by the English detective, Sexton Blake.
- Henry, a Bloodhound used in a popular series of British TV dog food commercials, with Clement Freud.
- Trusty in Lady and the Tramp and Lady and the Tramp 2
- Snuffles in Quick Draw McGraw
- Napoleon from The Aristocats and The Aristocats 2
- Duke, Jed's Bloodhound from the Beverly Hillbillies
- Hubert from Best in Show
- Bobby Lee and others from Virginia Lanier's Bloodhound series
- Buddy, in Cats & Dogs
- Bruno in Cinderella
- The Bumpuses' hounds in A Christmas Story and My Summer Story
- Woofer and Whimper in Clue Club
- McGruff the Crime Dog
- Jasper T. Jowls at Chuck E. Cheese's
- Achoo from the Provost's Dog trilogy by Tamora Pierce
- General Pepper from Star Fox, by Nintendo videogame
- Everett from Back at the Barnyard
- Bear & Bryant in Sweet Home Alabama
- Pommes Frites, faithful and remarkable companion of Michael Bond's culinary detective, Monsieur Pamplemousse
- Waylon and Floyd in The Fox and the Hound 2 and The Fox and the Hound 3
- Sniffer in Air Buddies and Santa Buddies
- Twock in One Hundred and One Dalmatians and 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure
- Laughing Dog from Duck Hunt, by Nintendo videogame
- Bayard Hamar from Alice in Wonderland
- B.H. (Calcutta) Failed : a Bloodhound which had lost its sense of smell, in The Perishers, cartoon strip published in The Daily Mirror.
- Frank in The Dog Who Thought He Was Santa by Bill Wallace.
- Beauregard Jr. in Hee Haw
In popular culture
- A Bloodhound is seen when Big Daddy went outside while they were putting new light bulbs in the porch light in a 1958 classic movie, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.
- The Bloodhound is seen in the 2009 film, Hotel for Dogs.
- Bloodhound featured in Christopher Guest film, Best in Show
- A pack of Bloodhounds are used to track down Paul Newman's character in Cool Hand Luke.
- A Bloodhound is seen while Lennie and Eli are tracking down the title character in the 1991 film, Bingo.
- A Bloodhound is seen as part of the dog pack in Secondhand Lions.
- The Bloodhound is seen in The Borrowers (1997 film).
- Lightning the Bloodhound is seen in Racing Stripes, voiced by Snoop Dogg.
See also
- Dog type
- Northern (North Country Beagle) and Southern Hounds
References
Further reading
- Boitard, Jean-Pierre, Le Chien de Saint-Hubert, éditions Artémis 2002. ISBN 2-84416-155-3
- Dalziel, Hugh. British Dogs Ch IX
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External links
Template:Wiktionary Template:Commons-inline
Template:Houndsbg:Блъдхаунд ca:Bloodhound cs:Bloodhound da:Blodhund de:Bloodhound (Hunderasse) es:Perro de San Huberto fr:Chien de Saint-Hubert is:Blóðhundur it:Bloodhound he:כלב דם lt:Bladhaundas hu:Angol véreb ml:ബ്ലഡ്ഹൗണ്ട് nl:Bloedhond (hondenras) ja:セント・ヒューバート no:Blodhund pnb:بلڈ ہاؤنڈ pl:Bloodhound pt:Cão de Santo Humberto ro:Bloodhound ru:Бладхаунд simple:Bloodhound sk:Bloodhound fi:Vihikoira sv:Blodhund th:บลัดฮาวด์ tr:Bloodhound uk:Бладгаунд
Categories: Pages where template include size is exceeded | Articles with 'species' microformats | Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters | Articles with incorrect citation syntax | Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters | Dog breeds | Dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom | Scent hounds
